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*New* The following papers are included: Miklos Levay (University of Miskolc, Hungary) finds that “social exclusion” is having a strong influence on criminal justice in the formerly socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The concept of social exclusion (which has replaced the category of “underclass”), refers to groups that are: denied access to adequate employment, socially and spatially segregated, and disadvantaged by policies and practices of the criminal justice system. A case study in Germany by Dietrich Oberwittler (Max Planck Institute of Foreign and International Criminal Law) finds that the effects of disadvantaged urban neighborhoods on youth crime are quite complex. Christian Pfeiffer (University of Bremen, Germany) et al. link distorted television coverage of crime to the recent hardening of the German public’s attitudes toward sentencing. Louise Shelley (American University) describes obstacles encountered in reforming the post-USSR justice systems of Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstyan. Michael Tonry (University of Minnesota) explores why over the last three decades penal policies have become harsher in some countries (e.g., England and the U.S.) but not others (Finland, France). Helena Valkova (University of West Bohemia) analyzes why the Czech Republic, unlike other post-communist nations, has been unable to adopt a new code of criminal law. |
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